Cannabigerol (CBG) is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid often referred to as the “mother of all cannabinoids” due to its role as a biosynthetic precursor to THC, CBD, and CBC. Though present only in trace amounts in most cannabis strains, CBG is gaining recognition for its wide-ranging pharmacological properties, particularly in neuroprotection, inflammation, and ocular pressure regulation.
CBG has the molecular formula C₂₁H₃₂O₂ and a molar mass of approximately 316.48 g/mol. Its structure includes a linear alkyl chain and a resorcinol moiety, enabling moderate lipophilicity and cell permeability. CBG’s neutral molecular configuration allows for efficient interaction with both membrane-bound and cytoplasmic targets.
CBG exhibits partial agonism at both CB₁ and CB₂ receptors but with much lower affinity than THC. Its primary mechanisms include inhibition of FAAH (fatty acid amide hydrolase), modulation of TRPM8 and TRPA1 ion channels, and antagonism of 5-HT1A receptors. This multifaceted interaction profile contributes to its potential for treating neurological, inflammatory, and oncological conditions.
CBG has shown promise in managing glaucoma (via reduction of intraocular pressure), inflammatory bowel disease, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington’s disease. Preliminary data also indicate antibacterial effects against resistant strains like MRSA and possible use in bladder dysfunction and appetite stimulation without intoxication.
CBG is still under-explored in clinical contexts, and most data are derived from in vitro or preclinical studies. Its extraction is challenging due to low natural abundance, limiting large-scale applications. No known psychoactive risk exists, but data on drug–drug interactions and long-term safety are still insufficient.
👁 Eye — Modulates ocular pressure and sensory input
🧠 Brain — Supports neuroprotective pathways
🌱 Seed — Biosynthetic precursor to major cannabinoids
Emerging hypotheses include CBG’s role in cancer apoptosis induction, muscle regeneration, and cannabinoid synergy modulation. Early models propose a role in depression, skin barrier repair, and even neurogenesis enhancement. These theories await clinical validation.
CBG stands as a foundational molecule in cannabis biochemistry with growing therapeutic relevance. Its versatility, safety profile, and potential in multiple treatment pathways make it a prime candidate for future pharmaceutical development. As isolation methods improve, CBG may occupy a central role in cannabinoid-based precision medicine.
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